In this retrospective study carried out in collaboration with Dr. Mike Garner (Northwest ZooPath), 29 cases of ascending renal infection with flagellate protozoa were identified, particularly in chelonians and chameleons. In most cases, this infection was associated with tubulointerstitial nephritis, gout, soft tissue mineralization or combinations thereof, and this suggests flagellates may be relevant pathogens in the reptilian kidney. You can find more information in: Juan-Sallés C, et al: Renal flagellate protozoan infection in reptiles: 29 cases. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 45(1):100-9, 2014.